For a more in-depth exploration of the history and symbolism of Hanfu colors, resources like Wikipedia’s page on Hanfu offer a wealth of information. In 2014 in the midst of the constitutional reform debate and the Occupy Central movement, the Information Office of the State Council published a white paper titled The Practice of the ‘One Country, Two Systems’ Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, written by Chinese conservative legal theorist Jiang Shigong formerly working at the Beijing’s Liaison Office in Hong Kong, raised concerns among the Hong Kong public. In December, the Tsang administration’s constitutional reform blueprint proposed the Election Committee selecting the Chief Executive be widened from 800 to 1,600 members in 2007 and empowered directly elected and appointed District Council members to elect six of the expanded 70-member Legislative Council in 2008. The bill was ultimately defeated by the pan-democracy camp as they argued the Tsang’s reform blueprint was too conservative while the conservatives accused the liberals of being obstinate. The Chinese called it hanfu while the Japanese called it kimono. The Qing Dynasty, with its Manchu rulers, brought a distinctive influence to Han Chinese clothing.
The Qing Dynasty’s Hanfu styles prominently displayed gender differentiation, chinese hanfu wedding dress a reflection of the era’s social norms and values. Prior to the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, China was ruled by the Ming Dynasty under ethnically Han (majority ethnicity in China nowadays) rulers since 1368. A collection of Jurchen tribes from what is now northeastern China and parts of Siberia, who later called themselves the Manchus, conquered China in 1644. In order to solidify their power, the new Manchu rulers forced Han Chinese men to adopt Manchu style clothing and hairstyles, but Han women were allowed to continue wearing Han style clothing, which is why the second half of the 17th century appears to be the continuation of the late Ming Dynasty aesthetic. The Doctrine of the Mean says, “When wearing a fine dress of splendid colors, one should cover it with a linen overcoat.” She explained that this is because ancient Chinese valued modesty and reserve. The output is very high in quality with fine needlework accompanied by mesmerizing embroidery and handmade laces. Since the ascendance of Xi Jinping to the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012 and re-elected to the party leader in 2017, Hong Kong was increasingly facing Beijing’s grip on its high autonomy.
Some localist groups such as the Hong Kong Indigenous took up some of Chin’s conversationist ideas for their movement of defending Hong Kong’s cultural identity against the influx of Mainland parallel traders which largely disrupted the local neighbourhoods in Hong Kong, as well as Beijing’s increasing encroachment on Hong Kong’s autonomy and their ways of life. A strain of conservatism was found in the emerging localist movement in the early 2010s aiming at preserving the distinct cultural identity from Beijing’s growing encroachment of Hong Kong people’s way of life and civil liberties. On the basis of Chin’s school of thought, he founded the Hong Kong Resurgence Order with a manifesto aiming to “restore the ancient Chinese civilisation”. Under the law, a National Security Division of the Hong Kong Police Force would be given an enormous power and Office for Safeguarding National Security would be exempt from Hong Kong jurisdiction. Various national governments expressed concern that the Chinese plans would undermine Hong Kong autonomy and the “One Country, Two Systems” policy and cancelled their extradition treaties with Hong Kong. The LDF actively participated in the 1991 three-tier elections but was defeated in the liberal landslide led by the United Democrats of Hong Kong (UDHK) and Meeting Point (MP) alliance.
In the constitutional reform package in 2010, the Tsang government reached a breakthrough with the pro-democratic Democratic Party after the Democrats reached an agreement with the Beijing representatives to pass the modified reform package. In 2014, the conservative constitutional reform proposals and National People’s Congress Standing Committee’s (NPCSC) restriction on the nomination process of the Chief Executive also triggered the 79-day occupy movement, as proposed by the pro-democracy group Occupy Central with Love and Peace. The conservatives strongly opposed the constitutional reform package by last Governor Chris Patten which would faster the pace of democratisation. Since the handover of Hong Kong, the conservatives have been dominated the executive and legislature with the help of the Election Committee and the trade-based functional constituencies with limited electorates respectively. In 2006, Tsang proclaimed that “positive non-interventionism” was “past tense” for Hong Kong, which the role of the government was to “facilitate what the market does.” Tsang’s statement drew criticism locally and internationally, notably from economic philosopher Nobel Laureates Milton Friedman who had highly praised Hong Kong’s free market economy, Edmund Phelps and an economist from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
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